This is the second version of my grammar book for Spanish 2.

1. Spanish 2 Grammar Book Carmín Martin

2. Table of contents Ser............ Estar..........…… Verbs like Gustar... Hacer Expressions... Pretérito........... Trigger Words..... Car Gar Zars...... Spock Verbs...... Cucaracha Verbs..... DOPs............... IOPs............... Commands.......... Irregular commands... Snakes.............. Snakeys.............. Se impersonal......... Past Participles….. Irregular Past Part. Futuro Futuro Irregulars Demonstartive Adjs. Demonstrative Pronouns. Imperfect ………………. Imprefect Irregulars…… Tú Commands…………... Tú Commands Irr……….. Modal Verbs…………….. Other Modal Verbs……… Reflexives………………. Some Reflexives………… Saber vs. Conocer……….. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Words inredare Examples. Words inlightblueare infinitive verbs.

3. SER Descriptions Origin Characteristics Time Occupation Relationships Possession Events Dates

4. Estar Health Emotions Location Present condition ING (ar–ando, er/ir–-endo/-yendo)

5. Verbs Like Gustar Doler (o->ue) Fascinar Molestar Encantar Faltar Importar Disgustar Interestar Me disgusta el espinago. Nos molesta Justin Bieber.

6. Hacer Expressions Hace + time + “que” + conjugated verb Hace dos días que corro. (English: It has been 2 days since I ran.)

7. Preterito

8. Trigger Words Ayer Anteayer A las ocho* El miercoles* El día anterior El lunes* pasado El fin de semana* Ayer por la mañana El otro día Una vez Esta tarde* Esta noche* Entonces Desde el primer momento Durante dos siglos* En ese momente Hace dos* días *Changes with time/day/month/year/time period

9. -Car -Gar -Zars Only change in the “yo” form. -Car -> -qué -Gar -> -gué -Zar -> -cé Comencé la prueba. Jugaron fútbol.

10. Spock” Verbs “ IR SER DAR VER HACER

11. “Spock” Verbs (cont’d)

12. Cucaracha Verbs Andar -> Estar -> Poder -> Poner -> Querer -> Saber -> Tener -> Vener -> Conducir -> Producir -> Traducir -> Decir -> Traer -> Anduv- Estuv- Pud- Pus- Quis- Sup- Tuv- Vin- Conduj- Produj- Traduj- Dij- Traj-

13. DOPs Direct Object Pronouns Go before the conjugated verb Can only hook onto the conjugated verb in 3 instances: Infinitive Affirmative Commands Gerunds (-ing verbs) Cómalo. No lo comió.

14. IOPs Indirect Object Pronouns ALWAYS also have a DOP and ALWAYS go before the conjugated verb AND DOP. Me lo di. Se lo leyó. * Changes to ‘se’ when using a third person DOP (lo/los or la/las)

15. Commands

16. Irregular Commands TVDISHES: Tener -> Tenga Dar-> Dé Vener -> Venga Ir -> Vaya Sea -> Ser Hacer -> Hago Estar -> Esté Saber -> Sepa

17. Snakes For Snake verbs, the first vowel in the third person changes. For ‘dormir’, the ‘o’ changes to a ‘u’. For ‘pedir’, the ‘e’ changes to an ‘i’.

18. Snakeys Snakey verbs are verbs that change the second ‘e’ in the verb. These go into verbs such as leer, creer, oir, etc. For first and second person, the second ‘e’ changes to an ‘i’, and in third person, the ‘e’ changes to a ‘y’.

19. Se Impersonal In order to not specify who is doing the action of the verb, ‘se’ is used. The verb ALWAYS needs to be in third person, and can be used in all tenses. Se corre en el parque. Se comío la hamburguesa.

20. Past Participles As Adjectives MUST agree with the nouns they modify in both gender AND number! Add –ando for –ar verbs and –iendo for –ir/-er verbs. La manzanacomienda. El pollocomiendo.

21. Irregular Past Participles Abrir -> Abierto Decir -> Dicho Morir -> Muerto Romper -> Roto Ir -> Ido Hacer -> Hecho Volver -> Vuelto Escribir -> Escrito Poner-> Puesto Ver -> Visto Cubrir -> Cubierto Resolver -> Resuelto

22. FUTURO *Nosotros is the ONLY tense that you DON’T put an accent over the ending! Yocomerémañana. Ustedescomerán.

23. Irregulars When hooking on the appropriate ending, these verbs change: Decir -> Dic- Poner -> Pondr- Tener -> Tendr- Venir -> Vendr- Querer -> Querr- Caber -> Cabr- Hacer -> Har- Salir -> Saldr- Valer -> Valdr- Poder -> Podr- Saber -> Sabr- Haber -> Habr-

24. Demonstrative Adjectives Used as adjectives and the same as this, that, these, and those in English. Masculine Este -> This Ese/Aquel -> That Estos -> These Esos/Aquellos -> Those Feminine Esta -> This Esa/Aquella -> That Esas-> These Estas/Aquellas -> Those

25. Demonstrative Pronouns Used in the place of nouns, and similar to demonstrative pronouns in English Masculine Éste -> This Ése/Aquél -> That Éstos -> These Ésos/Aquéllos -> Those Feminine Ésta -> This Ésa/Aquélla -> That Éstas -> These Ésas/Aquéllas -> Those

26. Imperfect Tense Used in the past, like a movie clip. More than one specific moment. Remember Abas and Ibas! NO stem changes in the imperfect!!! ← -ar Verbs -er/-ir Verbs ->

27. Irregulars Three irregulars: Ser, Ir, and Ver Terms in the charts are COMPLETELY conjugated!

28. Tú Commands (Informal) Used with classmates, siblings, younger people Affirmative: simply drop the ‘s’ Negative: Conjugate to ‘yo’ form, change to opposite vowel, add an ‘s’. Don’t forget to add the accent on the third from last vowel if you’re hooking on a DOP! ¡Cómelo! ¡No duermas!

30. For the negatives, conjugate regularly. Decir -> Di Hacer -> Haz Ir -> Ve Poner -> Pon Salir -> Sal Ser -> Sé Tener -> Ten Venir -> Ven ¡Hazlo! ¡No hagas!

31. Modal Verbs Used to help verbs and change their meaning. Used with infinitives. Most used is ir+a+infinitive Means “going to” Conjugate the ir, but not the infinitve! Voy a comprar.

32. Other Modal Verbs Poder* (to be able to)+ inf. Querer(to want) + inf. Deber (sound) + inf. Tenerque (to have to) + inf. *Stem-changer (o -> ue) Tengoquecomprarunacamisetanueva.

33. Reflexive Verbs What makes them reflexive are the pronouns Makes the subject do the action to itself *Se is the same for both singular and plural.

34. Some Reflexive Verbs Bañarse -> To bathe yourself Acostarse -> To go to bed Dormirse -> To fall asleep Levantarse -> To get up Sentarse -> To sit down *When you see a reflexive pronoun attached to the infinitive, it’s a reflexive verb!!! Me baño. Se duerme.

35. Saber vs. Conocer Saber and Conocer both mean “to know”, but they are used in different situations. Saber is used for facts and information Yosé los capitales de los EstadosUnidos. Conocer is used for people, places, and literary information. Yoconozco la familia de Martinez.